Mayelana ne-Virus nokuvikelwa kwegciwane okungcono kakhulu:

A igciwane is a i-submicroscopic i-ejenti elithathelwanayo ukuthi kuyaphindeka ngaphakathi kuphela kwabaphilayo amaseli i umzimba. Amagciwane angenela konke amafomu okuphila, kusuka ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni kuya ama-microorganisms, kuhlanganise amabhaktheriya futhi i-archaea. Kusukela UDmitri IvanovskyI-athikili ka-1892 echaza into engeyona ibhaktheriya i-pathogen ukuthelela izitshalo zikagwayi nokutholakala kwe igciwane le-mosaic virus by UMartinus Beijerinck ngo-1898, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-9,000 zamagciwane zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezigidi zezinhlobo zamagciwane asemvelweni. Amagciwane atholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo imvelo Emhlabeni futhi ziwuhlobo oluningi kakhulu lwezinto eziphilayo. Ukufundwa kwamagciwane kwaziwa njenge i-virology, okungaphansi kwe- i-microbiology.

Lapho litheleleka, iseli elihlala kulo liphoqeleka ukuba likhiqize ngokushesha izinkulungwane zamakhophi egciwane lokuqala. Uma kungekho ngaphakathi kweseli elithelelekile noma kusenqubo yokutheleleka kweseli, amagciwane akhona ngezinhlayiya ezizimele, noma virions, equkethe (i) i izinto zofuzo, okusho, eside ama-molecule of DNA or I-RNA okufaka ukwakheka kwamaprotheni igciwane elisebenza ngalo; (ii) a amaprotheni ijazi, i- i-capsid, elizungeze futhi livikele okokusebenza kofuzo; kokunye (iii) ngaphandle imvilophu of lipids.

Ukubunjwa kwalezi zinhlayiya zegciwane kusuka kokulula ngokweqile futhi icosahedral amafomu ezakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane zinama-virions amancane kakhulu ukuthi angabonwa nge- isibonakhulu optical, njengoba ayikhulu nekhulu lama-bacteria amaningi.

Umsuka wamagciwane kufayela le- umlando wokuvela kokuphila akucaci: abanye kungenzeka banakho Kuguquke kusukela ama-plasmids—Izakhi ze-DNA ezingahamba phakathi kwamangqamuzana — kuyilapho ezinye kungenzeka zivela kubhaktheriya. Ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, amagciwane ayindlela ebalulekile ye- ukudluliswa kofuzo okuvundlile, okwandayo ukwehluka kofuzo ngendlela efana ne ukuzala ngokocansi. 

Amagciwane abhekwa ngabanye izazi zezinto eziphilayo ukuba ifomu lokuphila, ngoba zithwala izinto zofuzo, ziyazala futhi ziyavela ukukhethwa kwemvelo, yize bengenazo izici ezibalulekile, ezinjengesakhiwo seseli, ngokuvamile ezibhekwa njengezindlela ezidingekayo zokuchazwa ukuphila. Ngenxa yokuthi anezimfanelo ezithile kodwa hhayi zonke, amagciwane achazwe ngokuthi "yizinto ezisemaphethelweni empilo", futhi njenge abaziphindayo.

Amagciwane asakazeka ngezindlela eziningi. Enye indlela yokudlulisela ngezidalwa ezithwala izifo ezaziwa ngokuthi zithwala: isibonelo, amagciwane avame ukudluliselwa esitshalweni ukuze atshalwe yizinambuzane ezondlayo isitshalo sesitshalo, njenge izintwala; futhi amagciwane ezilwaneni angaphathwa omunca igazi izinambuzane. Amagciwane omkhuhlane ukusabalala emoyeni ngokukhwehlela nokuthimula. Norovirus futhi i-rotavirus, izimbangela ezivamile zegciwane i-gastroenteritis, zidluliselwa yi umzila we-faecal – ngomlomo, idluliswa ngokuthintana ngezandla noma ekudleni noma emanzini.

The umthamo othathelwanayo ye-norovirus edingekayo ukukhiqiza ukutheleleka kubantu ingaphansi kwezinhlayiya eziyi-100. HIV ingenye yamagciwane amaningi adluliswa ukuxhumana ngokocansi nangokuchayeka egazini elinegciwane. Izinhlobonhlobo zamangqamuzana okusingathwa igciwane elingawathelela abizwa ngokuthiibanga lokusingathwa“. Lokhu kungaba mncane, okusho ukuthi igciwane liyakwazi ukuthelela izinhlobo ezimbalwa, noma libanzi, okusho ukuthi liyakwazi ukuthelela abaningi.

Ukutheleleka ngegciwane ezilwaneni kuvusa i amasosha omzimba lokho kuvame ukuqeda igciwane elithelelekayo. Izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba nazo zingakhiqizwa ngu imijovo yokugoma, enikeza i- amasosha omzimba atholakele ekuthelelekeni okuthe ngqo kwegciwane. Amanye amagciwane, kufaka phakathi lawo abanga ingculaza, Ukutheleleka nge-HPV, Futhi i-hepatitis yegciwane, gwema lezi zimpendulo zomzimba futhi uholele ku- okungapheliyo izifo. Izigaba eziningana ze- imishanguzo yokulwa namagciwane zakhiwe.

Etymology

Leli gama lisuselwa ku-Latin neuter igciwane ebhekise ku ubuthi nezinye iziphuzo eziyingozi, ezivela kuye Isizinda se-Indo-European as I-Sanskrit viṣa, I-Avestan isiqephu, Futhi isiGrikhi sasendulo ἰός (konke okusho 'ubuthi'), okokuqala kufakazelwe ngesiNgisi ngo-1398 ngo UJohn Trevisa ukuhunyushwa kwe- IBartholomeus Anglicus I-De Proprietatibus Rerum. Onobuthi, kusukela eLatin i-viralentus ('enobuthi'), izinsuku ngu-c. Incazelo 'yomenzeli obangela izifo ezithathelwanayo' yaqala ukurekhodwa ngo-1400, kusasele isikhathi eside ukuthi kutholakale amagciwane UDmitri Ivanovsky e 1892.

IsiNgisi ubuningi is amagciwane (kwesinye isikhathi futhi ukugoba), kanti igama lesiLatini lingu- isibalo esikhulu, engenayo ngokwezifiso kufakazelwe ubuningi (vira lisetshenziswe ku IsiNo-Latin). Isiphawulo viral kusukela ngo-1948 i-virion (ubuningi virions), esukela ngonyaka ka-1959, ibuye isetshenziselwe ukubhekisa kunhlayiya eyodwa yegciwane ekhishwa esitokisini futhi ekwazi ukuthelela amanye amaseli ohlobo olufanayo.

Umlando

Louis Pasteur ayikwazanga ukuthola umenzeli we-causative we- ama-rabies futhi kucatshangwe ngegciwane elincane kakhulu ukuthi lingatholwa ngamamakhroskophu. Ngo-1884, amaFrance i-microbiologist UCharles Chamberland wasungula i- Isihlungi seChamberland (noma isihlungi se-Pasteur-Chamberland) esinama-pores amancane ngokwanele ukususa wonke amabhaktheriya esisombululo esidlule kuwo. Ngo-1892, isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseRussia uDmitri Ivanovsky wasebenzisa lesi sihlungi ukucwaninga lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yi igciwane le-mosaic virus: okuchotshoziwe kwamaqabunga ezitshalweni zikagwayi ezinegciwane kwahlala kutheleleka noma ngabe sekuhlungiwe ukususa amabhaktheriya.

U-Ivanovsky uphakamise ukuthi ukutheleleka kungabangelwa i- i-toxin eyenziwe ngamabhaktheriya, kodwa akazange awuphishekele lo mbono. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izinto ezithathelwanayo zingagcinwa ngezihlungi futhi zikhuliswe endaweni yokudla - lokhu kwakuyingxenye ye umbono wegciwane. Ngo-1898, i-microbiologist yaseDashi UMartinus Beijerinck ukuphindaphindile ukuhlolwa futhi waqiniseka ukuthi isisombululo esihlungiwe sasiqukethe uhlobo olusha lwe-ejenti elithathelwanayo. 

Uqaphele ukuthi umenzeli uphindaphindeka kuphela kumaseli ahlukanisayo, kepha njengoba ukuhlolwa kwakhe kungakhombisi ukuthi kwenziwa ngezinhlayiya, ukubize ngokuthi i-contagium vivum fluidum (incibilikisi ephilayo encibilikayo) laphinde laletha igama igciwane. UBeijerinck wagcina ukuthi amagciwane ayengamanzi ngokwemvelo, inkolelo-mbono kamuva eyadunyazwa UWendell Stanley, abafakazela ukuthi bayizinhlayiyana.^[25] Ngawo lowo nyaka, UFriedrich Loeffler kanti uPaul Frosch wadlulisa igciwane lesilwane lokuqala, sifiso (umenzeli we- isifo sonyawo nomlomo), ngesihlungi esifanayo.^[27]

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-bacteriologist yesiNgisi UFrederick Twort ithole iqembu lamagciwane ahlasela amagciwane, manje abizwa ngokuthi ama-bacteriophages (noma ngokuvamile 'ama-phages'), kanye nesazi semvelo esingumFulentshi-eCanada UFélix d'Herelle ichaze amagciwane okuthi, uma engezwa kubhaktheriya ku ipuleti le-agar, izokhiqiza izindawo ezinamagciwane afile. Wanciphisa ngokunembile ukumiswa kwalawa magciwane futhi wathola ukuthi ama-dilution aphezulu (ama-virus aphansi kakhulu), kunokuba abulale wonke amabhaktheriya, akha izindawo ezihlukene zezinto ezifile.

Ukubala lezi zindawo nokuphindaphinda nge-dilution factor kumvumele ukuthi abale inani lamagciwane ekumisweni kwangempela. AmaPhages amenyezelwa njengokwelapha okungahle kube khona izifo ezifana ne- typhoid futhi ikholera, kepha isithembiso sabo sikhohliwe ngokuthuthuka kwe- i-penicillin. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- ukumelana namagciwane kuma-antibiotic uvuselele intshisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kokwelashwa kwama-bacteriophages.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amagciwane achazwa ngokwabo isifo, amandla abo okudlulisa izihlungi, nemfuneko yabo yokusingathwa abaphilayo. Amagciwane ayekhuliswe kuphela ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Ngo-1906 URoss Granville Harrison wasungula indlela ye- izicubu ezikhulayo in i-lymph, kwathi ngo-1913 E. Steinhardt, C. Israel, noRA Lambert basebenzisa le ndlela ukuze bakhule umjovo igciwane ezingxenyeni zezicubu ze-guinea pig corneal. Ngo-1928, i-HB Maitland ne-MC Maitland bakhulisa igciwane le-vaccinia ngokumiswa kwezinso zezinkukhu ezigayiwe. Indlela yabo ayizange yamukelwe kabanzi kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950 lapho isifo sofuba yayikhuliswa ngezinga elikhulu ngomkhiqizo wokugoma.

Okunye ukuqhamuka kwafika ngo-1931 lapho udokotela wezifo waseMelika U-Ernest William Goodpasture futhi U-Alice Miles Woodruff kwakhula umkhuhlane namanye amagciwane amaningi emaqanda enkukhu avundisiwe. Ngo-1949, UJohn Franklin Enders, UThomas Weller, Futhi UFrederick Robbins yakhula i-poliovirus kumaseli akhulisiwe kusuka ezicutshini zomuntu ezikhulelwe, okuyigciwane lokuqala elizokhulelwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izicubu zezilwane eziqinile noma amaqanda. Lo msebenzi unikwe amandla UHilary Koprowski, bese UJonas Salk, ukwenza ngempumelelo umuthi wokugomela i-polio.

Izithombe zokuqala zamagciwane zitholakale ekusungulweni kwe- i-electron microscopy ngo-1931 ngonjiniyela baseJalimane U-Ernst Ruska futhi UMax Knoll. Ngo-1935, isazi samakhemikhali e-American kanye ne-virologist UWendell Meredith Stanley ihlolisise igciwane le-mosaic virus futhi yathola ukuthi iningi lakhiwe ngamaprotheni. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, leli gciwane lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye zeprotheni nezingama-RNA. Igciwane le-mosaic virus laqala ukuba khona ikhanyisiwe futhi ukwakheka kwayo, ngakho-ke, kungacaciswa ngokuningiliziwe.

Okokuqala Ukusabalalisa kwe-X-ray izithombe zegciwane eli-crystallized zatholakala nguBernal noFankuchen ngo-1941. Ngokususelwa ezithombeni zakhe ze-X-ray crystallographic, URosalind Franklin ithole ukwakheka okuphelele kwegciwane ngo-1955. Ngawo lowo nyaka, UHeinz Fraenkel-Conrat futhi URobley Williams ikhombise ukuthi i-RNA yegciwane le-mosaic elihlanjululwe kanye nejazi layo lamaprotheni lingahlangana ngokwalo lakha amagciwane asebenzayo, kusikisela ukuthi le ndlela elula kungenzeka ukuthi iyindlela amagciwane enziwa ngayo ngaphakathi kwamaseli ayo.

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20 kwakuyinkathi yegolide yokutholakala kwegciwane, futhi izinhlobo eziningi ezibhaliwe zamagciwane ezilwane, izitshalo, kanye namagciwane atholakele phakathi nale minyaka. Ngo-1957 i-arterivirus elinganayo nembangela ye- Uhudo lwegciwane lesibeletho (a igciwane) zitholakele. Ngo-1963 i igciwane le-hepatitis B watholwa ngu UBaruch Blumberg, nango-1965 UHoward Temin uchaze owokuqala i-retrovirus. 

Reverse transcriptase, lo enzyme ukuthi ama-retroviruses asebenzisa ukwenza amakhophi e-DNA e-RNA yawo, yaqala ukuchazwa ngo-1970 nguTemin futhi UDavid Baltimore ngokuzimela. Ngo-1983 ULuc MontagnierIthimba e Isikhungo sePasteur eFrance, yaqala yakhipha i-retrovirus manje ebizwa nge-HIV. Ngo-1989 UMichael HoughtonIthimba e Ukulinganisa kwenkampani Chiron Corporation Wathola isibindi C

Iziqalo

Amagciwane atholakala nomaphi lapho kukhona khona impilo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abekhona selokhu amangqamuzana aphilayo aqala ukuvela. Umsuka wamagciwane awucaci ngoba awenzi izinsalela, ngakho-ke izindlela zamangqamuzana zisetshenziselwa ukuphenya ukuthi zavela kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okokusebenza kofuzo lwegciwane ngezikhathi ezithile kuyahlangana kufayela le- ulwelwesi zezinto eziphilayo, ezingadluliselwa kuzo ngokweqiniso enzalweni yomgcini ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Lokhu kunikeza umthombo wolwazi obaluleke kakhulu we izifundiswa ukulandela emuva amagciwane asendulo abekhona kuze kube yizigidi zeminyaka edlule. Kunemicabango emithathu eyinhloko ehlose ukuchaza umsuka wamagciwane:

I-hypothesis eguquguqukayo

Ama-virus kungenzeka ukuthi ake aba ngamangqamuzana amancane lokho okhubazekile amaseli amakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izakhi zofuzo ezingadingeki nge-parasitism yazo zalahleka. Amagciwane i-rickettsia futhi chlamydia amangqamuzana aphilayo, njengamagciwane, angakhiqiza kuphela ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana okusingathwa. Baxhasa le mbono, njengoba ukuthembela kwabo kwi-parasitism kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukulahleka kwezakhi zofuzo ezabenza bakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kweseli. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi 'i-degeneracy hypothesis', noma 'hypothesis yokunciphisa'.

I-hypothesis yemvelaphi yeselula

Amanye amagciwane kungenzeka ukuthi avela ezincekwini ze-DNA noma ze-RNA “ezaphunyuka” ezakhini zofuzo zomzimba omkhulu. I-DNA eyeqile ibingavela ama-plasmids (izingcezu ze-DNA enqunu engahamba phakathi kwamaseli) noma abaguquli (ama-molecule e-DNA aziphindaphinda futhi azulazule aye ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kofuzo lweseli). Uma sekubizwa ngokuthi “izakhi zofuzo ezeqayo”, ama-transpony yizibonelo ze- izakhi zofuzo ezihambayo futhi kungaba umsuka wamagciwane athile. Zitholwe emmbileni ngu UBarbara McClintock ngo-1950. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi 'yi-vagrancy hypothesis', noma 'i-hypothesis yokuphunyuka'.

Impilo iyisibusiso esikhulu kunazo zonke! (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Abantu bavamise ukukuqaphela lokhu lapho bevezwe yisifo noma igciwane. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Futhi amagciwane asakazeka kanjani?

Ngamagciwane namagciwane, ngakho iphuzu ukuthi:

Ngaphandle kokuthi sizivikele kubo, akunakwenzeka ukuqeda izifo nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Futhi sizokutshela enye yezindlela ezinhle KAKHULU. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Igqoke amagilavu ​​ukugwema amagciwane. Kusebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke ikakhulukazi uma kukhona ubhubhane ukuqhuma. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Le bhulogi izocacisa ngemisebenzi lapho udinga ukugqoka amagilavu, hlobo luni lwamagilavu ​​okufanele uwugqoke ngomsebenzi ngamunye, nokuthi lo mkhuba ukugcina kanjani ukude namagciwane. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Isayensi elula ngemuva kwamagilavu ​​okuvikela amagciwane

Amagciwane adinga okuphakathi ukuthi kudluliswe kusuka endaweni engcolisiwe kuya esikhunjeni somuntu. Lapho kukhona "isithiyo" phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili, amathuba okudlulisa mancane. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Amagilavu ​​ahlinzeka ngale 'mgoqo'.

Kepha kukhona ukucatshangelwa okubaluleke kakhulu lapha.

Ngenkathi ukugqoka amagilavu ​​kungagcina umzimba wakho ungenawo amagciwane, nawo angaba ngumthombo wokuwathola.

Kanjani? (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Amagciwane azohlala ebusweni begilavu ​​futhi uma izingxenye zomzimba wakho, njengobuso, zihlangana namagilavu, amagciwane azodluliselwa kuwe. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Ngalesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa amagilavu ​​kuphela ngesikhathi semisebenzi ethile nokuwalahla (noma ukuwalahla noma ukuwageza) ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphothula, uqaphele ukuthi ungavumeli izandla zakho zithinte ezinye izitho zomzimba ngesikhathi somsebenzi. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Nakhu ukuthi kungasiza kanjani ukugqoka amagilavu ​​athile phakathi nemisebenzi yansuku zonke. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Izinhlobo zamaglavu zokuvikela igciwane

1. Amagilavu ​​okugeza izitsha

Noma ohulumeni bememezela ukuhlala yedwa ukuvalela imindeni emakhaya abo, bazoqhubeka nokudla emapuleti nezitsha, akunjalo? (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Lapho amalungu omndeni wakho ethimula noma ekhwehlela ngenkathi edla, amagciwane amaningi angathola indlela yawo ekusikeni. Ukuvimbela izandla zakho ukuthi zingathinteki nge-tableware enesifo, kufanele uhlanze itafula bese ugeza izitsha ngokugqoka amagilavu ​​ezitsha. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Ngaphandle kokukuvimbela ekubambeni amagciwane, la magilavu ​​anezinye izinzuzo. Kuvimbela ukoma kwesikhumba namakhaza okubangelwa ukuwashwa okuqhubekayo, kunikeza ukubamba okungcono ezitsheni futhi kungagcinwa kahle. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

2. Amagilavu ​​wezilwane

Izilwane ezifuywayo zingaba namagciwane noma amagciwane emizimbeni yazo. Uma uzigeza noma uzilungisa ngezandla, kunethuba lokuthi la magciwane angadluliselwa kuwe, ngakho gqoka njalo amagilavu ​​okulungisa izilwane. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

La magilavu ​​angabamba kangcono zonke izinwele ezingaxegi nemfucumfucu esezandleni zakho futhi anikeze nesimisi esihle, esiduduzayo. Ungaphinda uhlanganise noboya besilwane sakho nalokhu amagilavu. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

3. Amagilavu ​​engadi

Kuthiwani uma othile ethimula noma ekhafulela udaka noma utshani engadini bese uyithinta ungazi ngenkathi wenza ingadi? (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Umzimba wakho manje usuzobe uthwele amagciwane aqukethwe kulolo ketshezi, futhi angathola kalula indlela yawo emzimbeni wakho ngamakhala nangomlomo. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Futhi kubangela igciwane izifo nezifo. Amagilavu ​​engadi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokugwema lesi simo. Zivikela nesandla sakho emeveni futhi zisiza ukumba nokwakha izindlela zembewu. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Kepha qiniseka ukuwageza ngemuva kokuwasebenzisa. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Ukuhlanza nokuxebula amagilavu

Amagilavu ​​anjalo angakuvimbela ekubeni ngumthwali wegciwane ezimweni ezahlukahlukene. (isivikelo esihle kakhulu segciwane)

Lapho uhluba imifino enjengeitheniphu namazambane (ukuvikela amagciwane okungcono kakhulu)

Lapho uhlikihla i-mop, irothi noma ukhaphethi (ukuvikela amagciwane okungcono kakhulu)

Ngenkathi ususa udaka olomile ezicathulweni (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Lapho uxebula i-tuna noma ama-salmon flakes (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

Kanye nokuba omunye we amagajethi ekhishi amahle kakhulu, isebenza njengesithiyo ekulweni nendawo ethwala igciwane (amazambane, itheniphu, okhaphethi, izicathulo, inhlanzi) ngakho-ke kukugcina ungazibambi. (ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwegciwane)

5. Alahlwayo Nitrile amagilavu

Njengoba lawa magilavu ​​asetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezempilo, ungawathatha njengamagilavu ​​odokotela noma abahlengikazi. Abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bayawagqoka ukuze bagweme ukuthelelana ngezifo phakathi kweziguli ezithelelekile kanye nazo. (ukuvikela igciwane okungcono kakhulu)

Noma ngubani welapha isiguli ekhaya noma esibhedlela kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi agqoke amagilavu ​​alahlwayo. Uma kwenzeka i- ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kwegciwane, hhayi odokotela kuphela, kepha nabanye bangayigqoka.

Kepha noma kunjalo, abantu akufanele bazithinte ngalawa magilavu, kungenjalo kuzosusa iphuzu lokuwagqoka kwasekuqaleni.

Yebo, ungabulala amagciwane futhi usebenzise kabusha.

Imigqa yokuphetha

Ngakho-ke, ingabe ufunde namuhla ngendlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela ukutheleleka?

Siyaqiniseka ukuthi ukwenzile. Zivikele wena nabathandekayo bakho kumagciwane ngale ndlela yokuvimbela engajwayelekile.

Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukuphina / ukubhukumaka bese uvakashela i- blog ukuthola imininingwane ethokozisayo kepha yangempela.