Izilinganiso ezingama-22 ezibalulekile ezivela kuThe Old Man and the Sea ngu-Ernest Hemingway

Mayelana no-Ernest Hemingway

U-Ernest Miller Hemingway (Julayi 21, 1899 - Julayi 2, 1961) wayengumbhali wamanoveli waseMelika, umbhali wezindaba ezimfushane, intatheli, nomdlali wezemidlalo. Isitayela sakhe sezomnotho nesingaphansi - asibiza ngokuthi umbono weqhwa—Wayenethonya elinamandla ezinganekwaneni zangekhulu lama-20, kuyilapho indlela yakhe yokuphila emangazayo nesithunzi sakhe esidlangalaleni kwamenza wathandwa yizizukulwane zakamuva. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

UHemingway wakhiqiza iningi lomsebenzi wakhe phakathi kweminyaka yo-1920 kanye naphakathi nawo-1950, futhi wanikezwa i- 1954 Umklomelo kaNobel Wezincwadi. Washicilela amanoveli ayisikhombisa, amaqoqo ayizindaba ezimfushane ayisithupha, nemisebenzi emibili engeyona eyenganekwane. Amanoveli akhe amathathu, amaqoqo amane wezindaba ezimfushane, kanye nemisebenzi emithathu engeyona inganekwane yashicilelwa ngemuva kokufa. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingi ibhekwa njengeyakudala Izincwadi zaseMelika.

IHemingway yakhulela ngaphakathi I-Oak Park, e-Illinois. Ngemuva kwesikole samabanga aphezulu, wayeyintatheli izinyanga ezimbalwa ze IKansas City Star ngaphambi kokushiya i I-Italian Front ukubhalisa njengomshayeli we-ambulensi ku Impi Yezwe I. Ngo-1918, walimala kabi wabuyela ekhaya. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngesikhathi sempi kwakha isisekelo senoveli yakhe Ukuvalelisa Ngezikhali (1929). (Ernest Hemingway)

Ngo-1921, washada UHadley Richardson, owokuqala kubafazi abane. Bathuthela eParis lapho asebenza khona njengombhalisi wangaphandle futhi bawela ngaphansi kwethonya le- wesimanje ababhali nabadwebi bango-1920 "Isizukulwane Esilahlekile”Umphakathi wakwamanye amazwe. IHemingway's inoveli yokuqala I Ilanga liyaphuma yanyatheliswa ngo-1926. Wahlukanisa noRichardson ngo-1927, futhi washada UPauline Pfeiffer.

Bahlukanisa ngemuva kokubuya kwakhe ku- Impi Yombango YaseSpain (1936–1939), ayibhala njengentatheli futhi eyayiyisisekelo senoveli yakhe Okwenzelwe Ama-Bell Toll (1940). UMartha Gellhorn waba yinkosikazi yakhe yesithathu ngo-1940. Yena noGellhorn bahlukana ngemuva kokuhlangana kwakhe UMary Welsh eLondon ngesikhathi IMpi Yezwe II. UHemingway wayekhona namasosha e-Allied njengentatheli e- Ukufika kweNormandy futhi ukukhululwa kweParis.

Ugcine izindawo zokuhlala unomphela e I-Key West, eFlorida (ngawo-1930) naku- Cuba (ngawo-1940 nango-1950). Ucishe washona ngo-1954 ngemuva kokuphahlazeka kwezindiza ezinsukwini ezilandelanayo, elimele emshiya esezinhlungwini futhi egula impilo yakhe yonke. Ngo-1959, wathenga i- indlu eKetchum, Idaho, lapho, phakathi no-1961, wazibulala khona. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Isiqalo sokuphila

U-Ernest Miller Hemingway wazalwa ngoJulayi 21, 1899, e I-Oak Park, e-Illinois, indawo yabadla izambane likapondo entshonalanga yeChicago, kuClarence Edmonds Hemingway, udokotela, futhi UGrace Hall Hemingway, umculi. Abazali bakhe babefundile futhi behlonishwa e-Oak Park, umphakathi olondolozayo mayelana nokuthi yisiphi isakhamuzi Frank Lloyd Wright wathi, “Amasonto amaningi kakhulu abantu abaningi abalungile abangaya kuwo.” Lapho uClarence noGrace Hemingway beshada ngo-1896, bona wayehlala nobaba kaGrace, U-Ernest Miller Hall, aqamba ngaye indodana yabo yokuqala, ongowesibili ezinganeni zabo eziyisithupha. 

Udadewabo uMarcelline wamandulela ngo-1898, walandelwa u-Ursula ngo-1902, uMadelaine ngo-1904, uCarol ngo-1911, kwathi Leicester ngo-1915. UGrace walandela umhlangano waseVictorian wokungahlukanisi izingubo zabantwana ngobulili. Njengoba kuphela unyaka behlukanisa laba bobabili, u-Ernest noMarcelline bafana kakhulu. UGrace wayefuna ukuthi bavele njengamawele, ngakho-ke eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala ka-Ernest wagcina izinwele zakhe zinde futhi wagqoka zombili izingane ngezingubo zobufazi ezifanayo.

Unina kaHemingway, ongumculi odumile esigodini, wafundisa indodana yakhe ukudlala i-cello yize ayenqaba ukufunda; yize kamuva empilweni wavuma ukuthi izifundo zomculo zanikela kwisitayela sakhe sokubhala, okufakazelwa isibonelo kuozisebenzelayo isakhiwo ”se- Okwenzelwe Ama-Bell Toll.

Njengomuntu omdala uHemingway ethi uyamzonda umama wakhe, yize umbhali wezokuphila kukaMichael S. Reynolds aveza ukuthi wabelana ngamandla nangesasasa elifanayo. Njalo ehlobo umndeni wawuhambela I-Windemere on I-Walloon Lake, eduze I-Petoskey, eMichigan. Lapho u-Ernest osemncane wajoyina uyise futhi wafunda ukuzingela, ukudoba, nokukanisa ehlathini nasemachibini ase ENyakatho Michigan, okuhlangenwe nakho kwasekuqaleni okwafaka inkanuko yempilo yonke yokuzijabulisa kwangaphandle nokuhlala ezindaweni ezikude noma ezingazodwa.

UHemingway ube khona I-Oak Park ne-River Forest High School e-Oak Park kusukela ngo-1913 kuze kube ngu-1917. Wayengumdlali onekhono, ezibandakanya nemidlalo eminingi — isibhakela, umkhondo nenkundla, ipolo yamanzi, nebhola; wadlala ku-orchestra yesikole iminyaka emibili nodadewabo uMarcelline; futhi ngathola amamaki amahle emakilasini esiNgisi. 

Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokugcina esikoleni esiphakeme wahlela i- I-Trapeze futhi Hlela (iphephandaba nencwadi yonyaka yesikole), lapho alingisa khona ulimi lwababhali bezemidlalo wasebenzisa i- igama lepeni URing Lardner Jr.-a nod to Ukukhala kukaLardner we Chicago Tribune omugqa wakhe kwakungu- “Line O'Type”. 

Like Mark Twain, UStephen Crane, UTheodore dreiser, Futhi USinclair Lewis, UHemingway wayeyintatheli ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumbhali wamanoveli. Ngemuva kokuqeda isikole samabanga aphezulu wayosebenzela khona IKansas City Star njengomlobi we-cub. Yize ahlala lapho izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela, wayethembele ku Star's umhlahlandlela wesitayela njengesisekelo sokubhala kwakhe: “Sebenzisa imisho emifushane. Sebenzisa izigaba zokuqala ezimfushane. Sebenzisa isiNgisi esinamandla. Yiba nesimo sengqondo esihle, hhayi esingesihle. ”(U-Ernest Hemingway)

Cuba

Ekuqaleni kuka-1939, uHemingway wawelela eCuba ngesikebhe sakhe wayohlala e Ihhotela Ambos Mundos eHavana. Lesi bekuyisigaba sokwehlukana kokuhlukana okuhamba kancane futhi okubuhlungu kusuka kuPauline, okwaqala lapho uHemingway ehlangana noMartha Gellhorn. UMartha washeshe wamjoyina eCuba, base beqasha “UFinca Vigía”(“ Lookout Farm ”), eyi-15 acre (61,000 m²) impahla engamakhilomitha ayi-15 ukusuka eHavana.

UPauline nezingane bashiye iHemingway ngalelo hlobo, ngemuva kokuthi umndeni uphinde wahlangana ngesikhathi uvakashele eWyoming; lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe noPauline kuqedwa, yena noMartha bashada ngoNovemba 20, 1940, e I-Cheyenne, Wyoming.

UHemingway uthuthele indawo yakhe yokuhlala eyinhloko ehlobo UKetchum, Idaho, ngaphandle nje kwendawo yokuvakasha esanda kwakhiwa ye- ISigodi saseSun, wathuthela indawo yakhe yokuhlala ebusika eCuba. Wayenengekile lapho umngani wakhe waseParis evumela amakati akhe ukuthi adle etafuleni, kepha waba nothando lwamakati eCuba futhi wawagcina amaningi endaweni. Inzalo yamakati akhe ihlala kwakhe I-West Key ekhaya.

UGellhorn wamkhuthaza ukuthi abhale inoveli yakhe edume kakhulu, Okwenzelwe Ama-Bell Toll, ayiqala ngo-Mashi 1939 wayiqeda ngoJulayi 1940. Yashicilelwa ngo-Okthoba 1940. Iphethini yakhe kwakuwukuhambahamba ngenkathi esebenza umbhalo wesandla, futhi wabhala Okwenzelwe Ama-Bell Toll eCuba, Wyoming, naseSun Valley. Kwaba yiBhuku leNyanga eliKhethwayo, lathengisa isigamu samakhophi kungakapheli nezinyanga, laqokelwa umklomelo wePulitzer futhi, ngamagama kaMeyers, “ngokunqoba laphinde lasungula idumela lemibhalo likaHemingway”.

NgoJanuwari 1941, uMartha wathunyelwa eChina esabelweni se UColfer umagazini. UHemingway uhambe naye, wathumela izincwadi zephephandaba PM, kodwa ngokuvamile wayengayithandi iChina. Incwadi yango-2009 iphakamisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi waqashwa ukuba ayosebenzela ama-Soviet intelligence agents ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Agent Argo". Babuyela eCuba ngaphambi kwe- isimemezelo sempi yi-United States ngalo December, lapho aqinisekisa uhulumeni waseCuba ukuthi amsize anqabe i- Pilar, ayehlose ukuyisebenzisa ukuqamekela imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane ngasogwini lwaseCuba. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Paris

UCarlos Baker, Umbhali wokuqala wokuphila kukaHemingway, ukholelwa ukuthi ngenkathi u-Anderson ephakamisa iParis ngoba “izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali” layenza indawo engabizi kakhulu yokuhlala, okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyilapho “abantu abathandeka kakhulu emhlabeni” babehlala khona. EParis, uHemingway wahlangana nomlobi waseMelika nomqoqi wobuciko UGertrude stein, Umbhali wamanoveli wase-Ireland James Joyce, Imbongi yaseMelika Iphawundi likaEzra (ongasiza umlobi osemusha ukuba afinyelele izinga lomsebenzi”) nabanye ababhali. (Ernest Hemingway)

IHemingway yeminyaka yokuqala yaseParis kwakuyinsizwa “ende, ebukekayo, enemisipha, enamahlombe abanzi, enamehlo ansundu, enesihlathi, enemihlathi eyisikwele, enezwi elipholile.” Yena noHadley bahlala endaweni encane e-74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine e Ikota yesiLatin, futhi wasebenza egumbini eliqashiwe esakhiweni esiseduze. 

UStein, owayeyisisekelo se- i-modernism eParis, waba ngumeluleki nonina kaHemingway endodaneni yakhe uJack; wamethula kubaculi bakwamanye amazwe nababhali be Ikota YaseMontparnasse, ambiza ngokuthi “Isizukulwane Esilahlekile“—Igama iHemingway elenziwa lakhishwa ngokushicilelwa kwe- I Ilanga liyaphuma. Okuvamile eStein's umbukiso, IHemingway yahlangana nabadwebi abanethonya njenge Pablo Picasso, UJoan Miro, Futhi UJuan Gris. 

Ekugcineni wahoxa ethonyeni likaStein, futhi ubudlelwano babo bancipha baba yizingxabano zemibhalo ezathatha amashumi eminyaka. U-Ezra Pound wahlangana noHemingway ngenhlanhla e ISylvia IbhishiIsitolo sezincwadi UShakespeare neNkampani ngo-1922. Laba ababili bavakashela i-Italy ngo-1923 futhi bahlala emgwaqweni ofanayo ngo-1924. Bakha ubungane obuqinile, futhi e-Hemingway, uPound wabona futhi wakhulisa ithalenta elincane. Upondo wethula iHemingway kuJames Joyce, uHemingway ayevame ukungena naye “emikhubeni yotshwala”. (Ernest Hemingway)

Ezinyangeni zakhe zokuqala ezingama-20 eParis, uHemingway wafaka izindaba ezingama-88 I-Toronto Star iphephandaba. Wamboza ifayili le- Impi YamaGreki NamaTurkey, lapho wafakaza khona ukushiswa kweSmirna, futhi wabhala izingcezu zokuhamba ezifana ne- “Tuna Fishing in Spain” kanye ne- “Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany”. Uchaze futhi ukuhlehla kwebutho lamaGrikhi nezakhamuzi ezivela I-East Thrace.

UHemingway wakhungatheka lapho ezwa ukuthi uHadley ulahlekelwe ipotimende eligcwele imibhalo yakhe yesandla e Gare de Lyon njengoba ayehamba eya Geneva ukuhlangana naye ngoDisemba 1922. NgoSepthemba olandelayo abashadikazi babuyela eToronto, lapho indodana yabo UJohn Hadley Nicanor wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 10, 1923. Ngesikhathi bengekho, incwadi yokuqala kaHemingway, Izindaba Ezintathu Nezibongo Eziyishumi, ishicilelwe.

Izindatshana ezimbili ebikuqukethe yizo zonke ezasala ngemuva kokulahleka kwepotimende, kanti elesithathu lalibhalwe ekuqaleni konyaka owedlule e-Italy. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa umqulu wesibili, esikhathini sethu (ngaphandle kosonhlamvukazi), kwashicilelwa. Ivolumu encane yayihlanganisa eziyisithupha izithonjana futhi izindaba eziyishumi nambili uHemingway wayebhale ehlobo langaphambilini ngesikhathi evakashele okokuqala eSpain, lapho athola khona ukuthakazelisa kwe ukulwa kwezinkunzi okubukelwa. Wayekhumbula iParis, ecabanga ukuthi iToronto iyisicefe, futhi wayefuna ukubuyela empilweni yombhali, kunokuphila impilo yentatheli.

UHemingway, uHadley nendodana yabo (obizwa ngegama elithi Bumby) babuyela eParis ngoJanuwari 1924 bathuthela efulethini elisha eRue Notre-Dame des Champs. IHemingway isizile IFord Madox Ford hlela Ukubuyekezwa kweTransatlantic, eshicilele imisebenzi kaPound, UJohn Dos Passos, UBaroness U-Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, noStein, kanye nezinye izindaba zokuqala zikaHemingway ezinjengokuthi “Ikamu laseNdiya". 

Nini Esikhathini Sethu yanyatheliswa ngo-1925, ibhantshi lothuli lalinemibono evela kwaFord. “Ikamu laseNdiya” lathola ukunconywa okukhulu; UFord wayibona njengendaba ebalulekile ebalulekile yombhali osemncane, futhi abagxeki e-United States bancoma uHemingway ngokuvuselela uhlobo lwendaba emfushane ngesitayela sakhe esimnandi nokusetshenziswa kwemisho emenyezelayo. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambili, uHemingway wayehlangane F. Scott Fitzgerald, futhi laba bobabili bakha ubungani "bokubabaza nobutha". UFitzgerald wayeshicilele The Great Gatsby ngawo lowo nyaka: UHemingway wayifunda, wayithanda, futhi wanquma ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo kumele ube yinoveli.

Ngomkakhe uHadley, uHemingway waqala wavakashela i- Umkhosi weSan Fermín in Pamplona, ESpain, ngo-1923, lapho athatheka khona ukulwa nezinkunzi. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho aqala khona ukubizwa ngo "Papa", ngisho nangabangani abadala kakhulu. UHadley wayezokhumbula kamuva ukuthi uHemingway wayenezibongo zakhe zawo wonke umuntu nokuthi wayevame ukubenzela abangane bakhe izinto; uphakamise ukuthi uthanda ukubukwa kuye. Akazange akhumbule kahle ukuthi lesi sidlaliso saqala kanjani; nokho, nakanjani yanamathela. 

AbakwaHemingways babuyela ePamplona ngo-1924 futhi okwesithathu ngoJuni 1925; ngalowo nyaka bafika neqembu labafuduki baseMelika nabaseBrithani: iHemingway's Michigan umngane wobuntwana uBill Smith, uDonald Ogden Stewart, ILady Duff Twysden (osanda kudivosa), isithandwa sakhe uPat Guthrie, futhi UHarold Loeb. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuphela komdlandla, ngosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe (ngoJulayi 21), waqala ukubhala okusalungiswa kwalokho okwakuzoba I Ilanga liyaphuma, uqeda amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kamuva.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngoDisemba 1925, abakwaHemingways bahamba bayochitha ubusika ku AmaSchruns, E-Austria, lapho iHemingway yaqala khona ukubuyekeza kabanzi lo mbhalo wesandla. UPauline Pfeiffer wabajoyina ngoJanuwari naphikisana neseluleko sikaHadley, wanxusa uHemingway ukuthi asayine isivumelwano naye I-Scribner's. Washiya i-Austria uhambo olusheshayo oluya eNew York ukuyohlangana nabashicileli, kwathi ekubuyeni kwakhe, ngesikhathi esima eParis, waqala ukuthandana noPfeiffer, ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eSchruns ayoqedela ukubuyekeza ngoMashi. Umbhalo wesandla wafika eNew York ngo-Ephreli; walungisa ubufakazi bokugcina eParis ngo-Agasti 1926, kwathi uScribner wakhipha le noveli ngo-Okthoba.

Indoda endala nolwandle

I-Old Man and the Sea yincwadi ebhalwe ngu-Ernest Hemingway ngo-1951 eCuba. Le noveli idume ngezizathu eziningi. Yanikezwa uPulitzer Prize for Fiction ngo-1953, futhi kwaholela nasekuklonyelisweni kweNobel Prize in Literature eHemingway ngo-1954.

Ngokusho kwabanye, u-Ernest Hemingway wenza okuningi ukushintsha isitayela seprose yesiNgisi ukwedlula noma yimuphi omunye umbhali ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngale noveli, okuwumsebenzi wakhe wokugcina oqanjiwe, wakhombisa iningi lethalente lakhe kanye nokulandisa okumangazayo.

I-Old Man noLwandle yindaba ephathelene nomdobi osekhulile, onolwazi kanye nempi yakhe ebabazekayo ne-marlin enkulu, ukubanjwa okukhulu kunakho konke empilweni yakhe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane ngaphandle kokubamba, ikhehla lase linqume ukudlula kude kunanoma yimuphi umdobi ngaphambili, liye lapho lizohlola khona ukuziqhenya kwalo…

Uma ungakayifundi inoveli, mhlawumbe manje yisikhathi esifanele sokwenza lokho, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, jabulela lezi zingcaphuno ezijulile ezingama-22. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

1. Manje yisikhathi sokucabanga ngento eyodwa kuphela. Lokho engazalelwa kona. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

2. Noma ngubani angaba ngumdobi ngoMeyi. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

3. Baningi abadobi abahle futhi abanye bakhulu. Kepha kukhona wena kuphela. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

4. Awuzange ubulale izinhlanzi kuphela ukuze uphile futhi uthengisele ukudla. Wambulala ngenxa yokuziqhenya futhi ngoba ungumdobi. Wawumthanda esaphila futhi wamthanda ngemuva. Uma umthanda, akusona isono ukumbulala. Noma kungaphezulu? (U-Ernest Hemingway)

5. Inhlanzi yami enkulu kumele ibe kwenye indawo. (Ernest Hemingway)

6. Inhlanzi, kuzofanele ufe vele. Ingabe nawe ungibulale? (U-Ernest Hemingway)

7. Isihogo ngenhlanhla. Ngizoza nenhlanhla. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

8. Nsuku zonke usuku olusha. Kungcono ukuba nenhlanhla. Kepha ngingavele ngibe yiqiniso. Lapho-ke inhlanhla ifika usukulungele. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

9. Inhlanhla yinto eza ngezindlela eziningi futhi ngubani ongayibona? (U-Ernest Hemingway)

10. Kuhle ukuthi akudingeki ukuthi sizame ukubulala ilanga noma inyanga noma izinkanyezi. Kwanele ukuhlala olwandle futhi sibulale abafowethu beqiniso. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

11. Uma abanye bengizwa ngikhuluma ngokuzwakalayo bangacabanga ukuthi ngiyasangana. Kepha njengoba ngingahlanyi, anginandaba. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Akekho umuntu okufanele abe yedwa ekugugeni kwakhe. (Ernest Hemingway)

13. Ngiyayizonda inkalankala. Kuwukukhohlisa komzimba womuntu. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

14. Manje akusona isikhathi sokucabanga ngalokho ongenakho. Cabanga ngalokho ongakwenza ngalokho okukhona. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Akakusho lokho ngoba wayazi ukuthi uma usho into enhle kungenzeka ingenzeki. (Ernest Hemingway)

16. Ngiyazama ukungaboleki. Okokuqala uyaboleka. Ngemuva kwalokho uyacela. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Umuntu akaze alahleke olwandle futhi kuyisiqhingi eside. (Ernest Hemingway)

18. Ubuhlungu abunandaba nendoda. (Ernest Hemingway)

19. "Ubudala yiwashi lami le-alamu," kusho ikhehla. “Kungani amadoda amadala evuka ekuseni kangaka? Ngabe kufanele ngibe nosuku olulodwa olude? ” “Angazi,” kusho umfana. “Engikwaziyo ukuthi abafana abancane balala sekwephuzile futhi kanzima.” (U-Ernest Hemingway)

20. Ake acabange ukuthi ngingumuntu omkhulu kunami futhi ngizoba njalo. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

21. Gcina ikhanda lakho licacile futhi wazi ukuthi uhlupheka kanjani njengendoda. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

22. Umuntu akenzelwanga ukwehlulwa. Indoda ingabhujiswa kodwa ingahlulwa. (U-Ernest Hemingway)

Ungapheqa imikhiqizo yethu ngokungena kulokhu isixhumanisi.